Oil Palm Fertilization Guide

Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction: context and purpose of this guide

1. Understanding oil palm mineral nutrition and diagnosing nutritional needs.
Why fertilize oil palm plantations?
Can deficiency symptoms be trusted to recommend fertilizer applications?.
  Nitrogen (N) deficiency
  Potassium (K) deficiency.
  Magnesium (Mg) deficiency
  Boron (B) deficiency
  Copper (Cu) deficiency
  Manganese (Mn) deficiency
  Other nutrients.
 Conclusion
Analysing leaf samples to establish a diagnosis.
Ascertaining variability in leaf nutrient contents.
  Nitrogen (N)
  Phosphorus (P
  Potassium (K)
  Calcium (Ca)
  Magnesium (Mg)
  Chlorine (Cl).
  Sulphur (S)
  Trace elements: boron, copper, iron, manganese
  Interpreting leaf contents considering the specific characteristics of a plantation

2. Plantation sampling for ongoing mineral nutrition monitoring..
Dividing the plantation into several leaf sampling units
Planning the leaf sampling schedule
Choosing the palms of the reference sample inside the LSU
  Restricting reference sampling to a uniform section of the LSU
  When and how to select the palms used for leaf sampling
Taking special leaf samples to check specific zones in the LSU

3. Adapting the decision-support tool to local conditions: taking the specificities of each site into account
Fertilization trial principles
  Choice of treatments and experimental designs.
  Aggregating data and determining local optimum contents
  Experimental precision
Drawing up the fertilizer schedule from the experimental results
  Determining the optimum content range per nutrient.
  Drawing up a fertilizer schedule from the optimum content range
  Applying the conclusions of the experimental approach
A better understanding of trial results

4. Extrapolating fertilizer schedules resulting from trials.
Analysing the plantation reaction on an LSU scale
What information can be drawn from soil analyses?
Taking into account soil calcium contents when using KCl
Detecting distortions due to soil properties
  Associating a reference soil analysis with each leaf sample
  Constructing a geographic information system (GIS)
  Setting up reactivity tests

5. Adopting sustainable fertilization practices: prospects and recommendations.
Preserving soil health
  Caring for the chemical fertility of soils
  Assessing soil reserves
Improving fertilization efficiency
  Reducing mineral nutrient losses through different cultural practices
  Improving the physico-chemical properties of soils
Developing a precise and environment-friendly fertilization tool
  Precision of recommendations and fertilizer schedules
  Spatial precision of leaf sampling and fertilizer application

Conclusion: generic tools for optimized fertilization in each plantation
Bibliography